Lonial Con discovered that the netfilter subsystem in the Linux kernel contained a memory leak when handling certain element flush operations. A local attacker could use this to expose sensitive information (kernel memory). Xingyuan Mo discovered that the netfilter subsystem in the Linux kernel did not properly handle inactive elements in its PIPAPO data structure, leading to a use-after-free vulnerability. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service (system crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code. Various other issues were also addressed.